{"id":8423,"date":"2023-08-12T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-08-11T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/hlavne-myslienkove-prudy-a-texty-hinduizmu\/"},"modified":"2023-08-12T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2023-08-11T23:00:00","slug":"hlavne-myslienkove-prudy-a-texty-hinduizmu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/hlavne-myslienkove-prudy-a-texty-hinduizmu\/","title":{"rendered":"Hlavn\u00e9 my\u0161lienkov\u00e9 pr\u00fady a texty hinduizmu"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Hinduizmus m\u00e1 \u0161es\u0165 hlavn\u00fdch my\u0161lienkov\u00fdch pr\u00fadov<\/h3>\n<p>V priebehu vekov sa v hinduizme rozv\u00edjali r\u00f4zne teologick\u00e9 \u0161koly prostredn\u00edctvom dynamickej trad\u00edcie filozofick\u00e9ho sk\u00famania a diskusie.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Od nad\u010dasov\u00fdch a univerz\u00e1lnych ot\u00e1zok, ako je<\/strong> zmysel \u017eivota a\u017e po vz\u0165ah medzi \u013eu\u010fmi a Bo\u017estvom, sa vynorili mnoh\u00e9 \u0161koly my\u0161lienok alebo dar\u0161any.<br \/>\nDarshana doslova znamen\u00e1 \u201evidie\u0165\u201c a t\u00fdka sa r\u00f4znych sp\u00f4sobov \u201evidenia\u201c Bo\u017estva a dosiahnutia <strong>mok\u0161e alebo oslobodenia z cyklu zrodenia a znovuzrodenia.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0160es\u0165 dar\u0161anov je uzn\u00e1van\u00fdch ako najvplyvnej\u0161\u00edch:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Vaisheshika<\/strong> &#8211;\u00a0T\u00e1to dar\u0161ana sk\u00fama \u0161trukt\u00faru a zlo\u017eenie pr\u00edrody. Jej zameranie je na atomistick\u00fa te\u00f3riu, ktor\u00e1 tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee svet je zlo\u017een\u00fd z nedelite\u013en\u00fdch atomov. Je<strong> spojen\u00e1 so \u0161t\u00fadiom hmotn\u00e9ho sveta.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ny\u0101ya<\/strong> &#8211; Ny\u0101ya je dar\u0161ana zameran\u00e1 na logiku a epistemol\u00f3giu. Jej cie\u013eom je <strong>racion\u00e1lne a systematick\u00e9 sk\u00famanie pravdy.<\/strong> Zaober\u00e1 sa ot\u00e1zkami ako: Ako dosahujeme poznanie? Ak\u00e9 s\u00fa z\u00e1klady spr\u00e1vneho argumentovania? Tieto pravidl\u00e1 logick\u00e9ho myslenia mali hlbok\u00fd vplyv na v\u00fdvoj r\u00f4znych vedn\u00fdch discipl\u00edn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>S\u0101\u1e43khya &#8211; S\u0101\u1e43khya sa zameriava na anal\u00fdzu bytia a existencie.<\/strong> T\u00e1to dar\u0161ana tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee<strong> svet je zlo\u017een\u00fd z dvoch z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch prvkov &#8211; puru\u1e63a (duchovn\u00fd princ\u00edp) a prak\u1e5bti (hmotn\u00fd princ\u00edp).<\/strong> S\u0101\u1e43khya sa hlboko zauj\u00edma o oslobodenie du\u0161e a dosiahnutie osvietenia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mimamsa<\/strong> alebo Purva Mimamsa &#8211; M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 sa zaober\u00e1<strong> \u0161t\u00fadiom ritu\u00e1lov, obet\u00ed a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch povinnost\u00ed<\/strong> zakotven\u00fdch v textoch V\u00e9d. T\u00e1to dar\u0161ana kl\u00e1dla d\u00f4raz na interpret\u00e1ciu a aplik\u00e1ciu starod\u00e1vnych n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch textov.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Joga<\/strong> &#8211; T\u00e1to dar\u0161ana sa zameriava na<strong> spojenie mysle, tela a ducha.<\/strong> H\u013ead\u00e1<strong> sp\u00f4soby, ako dosiahnu\u0165 duchovn\u00fa osvitu a oslobodenie cez r\u00f4zne cvi\u010denia, medit\u00e1cie<\/strong> a discipl\u00edny. Patanjali Joga s\u00fatra je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd text, ktor\u00fd definuje r\u00f4zne formy jogy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ved\u0101nta<\/strong> &#8211; Ved\u0101nta sa zaober\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadiom kone\u010dnej reality a pr\u00edrody absol\u00fatna. Z\u00e1kladn\u00fdmi textami tejto dar\u0161any s\u00fa Upani\u0161ady, ktor\u00e9 hlboko <strong>sk\u00famaj\u00fa vz\u0165ah medzi \u013eudskou du\u0161ou (Atman) a v\u0161emoh\u00facim univerz\u00e1lnym duchom (Brahman)<\/strong>. Ved\u0101nta kl\u00e1dla d\u00f4raz na duchovn\u00e9 osvietenie a realiz\u00e1ciu jednoty.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><\/h3>\n Slovo Shruti doslova znamen\u00e1 \u201epo\u010dut\u00e9\u201c.\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 hinduistick\u00e9 spisy<\/p>\n<p>Hinduizmus je bohat\u00fd na p\u00edsmo a zah\u0155\u0148a rozsiahlu zbierku starovek\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch spisov.<\/p>\n<p>Tieto posv\u00e4tn\u00e9 texty s\u00fa rozdelen\u00e9 do<strong> dvoch kateg\u00f3ri\u00ed: Shruti a Smriti.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Slovo <strong>Shruti doslova znamen\u00e1 \u201epo\u010dut\u00e9\u201c<\/strong> a pozost\u00e1va z toho, \u010do hinduisti pova\u017euj\u00fa za <strong>ve\u010dn\u00e9 pravdy podobn\u00e9 pr\u00edrodn\u00fdm z\u00e1konom. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tieto texty s\u00fa <strong>uctievan\u00e9 ako bo\u017esk\u00e9ho p\u00f4vodu a ver\u00ed sa, \u017ee obsahuj\u00fa z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 pravdy hinduizmu.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Druhou kateg\u00f3riou p\u00edsiem je<strong> Smriti, \u010do doslovne znamen\u00e1 \u201epam\u00e4\u0165\u201c<\/strong> a odli\u0161uje sa od Shruti z h\u013eadiska svojho p\u00f4vodu.<\/p>\n<p>U\u010denie v textoch Smriti m\u00e1 svojim pr\u00edvr\u017eencom pripom\u00edna\u0165 ve\u010dn\u00e9 pravdy Shruti a m\u00e1 sa \u010d\u00edta\u0165 a interpretova\u0165 vo svetle meniacich sa okolnost\u00ed ako kala (\u010das), desha (krajina) a guna (osobnos\u0165).<\/p>\n<h3>Medzi najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ie texty Shruti\u00a0patria<\/h3>\n<p><strong>V\u00e9dy:\u00a0<\/strong>Slovo Veda znamen\u00e1 <strong>\u201epoznanie\u201c. \u00a0<\/strong><strong>Existuj\u00fa \u0161tyri<\/strong> Vedy: Rig, Sama, Yajur a Atharva, z ktor\u00fdch Rig Veda je najstar\u0161ia.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Upani\u0161ady<\/strong>: Tieto texty, ktor\u00fdch je viac ako 100, obsahuj\u00fa rozsiahle <strong>sk\u00famanie met\u00f3d ch\u00e1pania seba, Boha a povahy sveta.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n Bhagavadg\u00edta, takov\u00e1, jak\u00e1 je. Zdroj: knihaknih.cz\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Medzi najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ie texty Smriti\u00a0patria<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Upavedas<\/strong>: Upavedas pozost\u00e1va zo<strong> \u0161tyroch hlavn\u00fdch textov<\/strong>, vr\u00e1tane:<\/p>\n<p><em>Ajurv\u00e9da<\/em> \u2013 veda o <strong>zdrav\u00ed a \u017eivote<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Dhanurveda<\/em> \u2013 veda o<strong> boji<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Gandharvaveda<\/em> \u2013 n\u00e1uka o<strong> estetike a vymedzuje umeleck\u00e9 formy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Arthashastra<\/em> \u2013 poradenstvo v oblasti <strong>verejnej spr\u00e1vy, riadenia, ekonomiky a politiky<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Puranas<\/strong>: Pr\u00edbehy v Puranas prekladaj\u00fa v\u00fdznamy starovek\u00fdch textov Shruti &#8211;<strong> vysvet\u013euj\u00fa u\u010denie V\u00e9d a Upani\u0161\u00e1d prostredn\u00edctvom pr\u00edbehov<\/strong> a podobenstiev.<\/p>\n<p>Existuje 18 ve\u013ek\u00fdch Pur\u00e1n (Mahapuranas) a ve\u013ea men\u0161\u00edch (upapuranas).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>R\u00e1maj\u00e1na<\/strong>: Tento <strong>popul\u00e1rny epos rozpr\u00e1va \u017eivotn\u00fd pr\u00edbeh vzne\u0161en\u00e9ho princa menom R\u00e1ma, o ktorom hinduisti veria, \u017ee je inkarn\u00e1ciou bo\u017estva<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Princ Rama trp\u00ed rokom vyhnanstva a mnoh\u00fdmi \u0165a\u017ekos\u0165ami pri ni\u010den\u00ed mocn\u00fdch d\u00e9monov, ne\u017e sa vr\u00e1ti vl\u00e1dnu\u0165 svojmu kr\u00e1\u013eovstvu.<\/p>\n<p>Existuje mno\u017estvo verzi\u00ed R\u00e1maj\u00e1ny, z ktor\u00fdch najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ie s\u00fa tie od p\u00f4vodn\u00e9ho autora Sage Valmiki a b\u00e1snika sv\u00e4t\u00e9ho Tulsidasa.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata<\/strong>: Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata je\u00a0s viac ako 100 000 ver\u0161ami historick\u00fdm eposom a <strong>najdlh\u0161ou b\u00e1s\u0148ou, ak\u00fa svet poznal. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata je zalo\u017een\u00e1 na roz\u0161\u00edrenom konflikte medzi dvoma vetvami rodiny Kaurava a je z\u00e1sob\u00e1r\u0148ou pr\u00edbehov a diskusi\u00ed o praktizovan\u00ed dharmy, vr\u00e1tane d\u00f4le\u017eitosti pravdy, spravodlivosti, sebaobetovania a presadzovania dharmy, a potreby \u00faplnej oddanosti Bohu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bhagavadg\u00edta<\/strong>: Bhagavadg\u00edta je<strong> prim\u00e1rnym p\u00edsmom pre hinduistov. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Hoci je to <strong>mal\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1raty a technicky klasifikovan\u00e1 ako text Smriti, tradi\u010dne sa jej prizn\u00e1va hodnos\u0165 upani\u0161\u00e1dy.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Agama Shastras<\/strong>: Po\u010detn\u00e9 starovek\u00e9 texty, ktor\u00e9 sa zaoberaj\u00fa <strong>praktick\u00fdmi aspektmi oddanosti a uctievania, vr\u00e1tane osobn\u00fdch a chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch ritu\u00e1lov a prakt\u00edk.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Bhagavadg\u00edta<\/h3>\n<p>Bhagavadg\u00edta <strong>pojedn\u00e1va o rozhovore medzi Ard\u017eunom, sl\u00e1vnym bojovn\u00edkom a Kri\u0161nom<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd mu bol vozatajom.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kri\u0161na osvet\u013euje Ard\u017eunovi v\u0161etko u\u010denie o Atma, o poznan\u00ed Pravdy<\/strong> a podstaty v\u0161etk\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n<p>Bhagavadg\u00edta je nad\u010dasov\u00e9 a pri spr\u00e1vnom pochopen\u00ed ve\u013emi praktick\u00e9 dielo pre \u010dloveka dne\u0161nej doby.<\/p>\n<p>Aj preto sa <strong>v Indii hovor\u00ed, \u017ee kto nepochop\u00ed Bhagavadg\u00edtu, nem\u00f4\u017ee pochopi\u0165 ni\u010d.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Obsah<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bhagavadg\u00edta za\u010d\u00edna vo chv\u00edli, ke\u010f<strong> slep\u00fd kr\u00e1\u013e Dhrtar\u00e1\u0161tra \u017eiada m\u00fadreho Sand\u017eaju, aby mu rozpr\u00e1val, \u010do sa deje na bojovom poli Kuruk\u0161\u00e9tra. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sand\u017eaja (\u017eiak Vj\u00e1sy) je jasnovidn\u00fd a jeho rozpr\u00e1vanie prel\u00edna cel\u00fa Bhagavadg\u00edtu.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hinduizmus m\u00e1 \u0161es\u0165 hlavn\u00fdch my\u0161lienkov\u00fdch pr\u00fadov V priebehu vekov sa v hinduizme rozv\u00edjali r\u00f4zne teologick\u00e9 \u0161koly prostredn\u00edctvom dynamickej trad\u00edcie filozofick\u00e9ho sk\u00famania a diskusie. Od nad\u010dasov\u00fdch<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8423","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8423","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8423"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8423\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8423"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8423"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8423"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}