{"id":8511,"date":"2023-10-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-10-17T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/pavuci-hodvab\/"},"modified":"2023-10-18T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2023-10-17T23:00:00","slug":"pavuci-hodvab","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/pavuci-hodvab\/","title":{"rendered":"Pav\u00fa\u010d\u00ed hodv\u00e1b vedci pova\u017euj\u00fa za supermateri\u00e1l. Teraz pri\u0161li na revolu\u010dn\u00fd sp\u00f4sob jeho produkcie"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>V\u00fdskum a\u00a0v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdm aspektom technologick\u00e9ho pokroku a\u00a0vedeck\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumu. Neust\u00e1le objavovanie nov\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov m\u00e1 \u0161irok\u00fd dosah, <strong>pri\u010dom ovplyv\u0148uje r\u00f4zne odvetvia<\/strong>, ak\u00fdmi s\u00fa elektronika, stroj\u00e1rstvo, medic\u00ednu \u010di environment\u00e1lnu oblas\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>Av\u0161ak nov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, ktor\u00e9 by mohli revolucionizova\u0165 r\u00f4zne odvetvia priemyslu, <strong>sa vyskytuj\u00fa vo vo\u013enej pr\u00edrode len zriedkavo alebo ich v\u00fdroba je zlo\u017eit\u00e1 a\u00a0zd\u013ahav\u00e1<\/strong>. Preto je h\u013eadanie nov\u00fdch sp\u00f4sobov ako ich vytvori\u0165 rovnako d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hodv\u00e1b sa po st\u00e1ro\u010dia z\u00edskava chovan\u00edm priadky moru\u0161ovej<\/strong>. Ide o\u00a0druh mot\u00fd\u013ea, ktor\u00e9ho h\u00fasenice sa zakuklia do kok\u00f3nu vyroben\u00e9ho z\u00a0tohto materi\u00e1lu. Ako informuje port\u00e1l Strom \u017divota, v\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnosti existuj\u00fa u\u017e len pre tento \u00fa\u010del a\u00a0vo vo\u013enej pr\u00edrode by u\u017e nepre\u017eili.<\/p>\n<p>Vedci v\u0161ak ned\u00e1vno pri\u0161li na nov\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie t\u00fdchto mal\u00fdch organizmov. Pav\u00fa\u010die vl\u00e1kna toti\u017e fascinuj\u00fa v\u00fdskumn\u00edkov dlh\u0161iu dobu, no doteraz neexistovala mo\u017enos\u0165, <strong>ako ich produkova\u0165 vo ve\u013ekom mno\u017estve<\/strong>. To sa v\u0161ak m\u00f4\u017ee zmeni\u0165 v\u00a0nasleduj\u00facich rokoch.<\/p>\n<h3>Oper\u00e1cia g\u00e9nov<\/h3>\n<p>Geneticky modifikovan\u00e9 organizmy, o\u00a0ktor\u00fdch sme v\u00e1s informovali v\u00a0na\u0161om predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facom \u010dl\u00e1nku, maj\u00fa lep\u0161ie vlastnosti ne\u017e ich be\u017ene vyskytuj\u00faca sa verzia. Pr\u00edkladom t\u00fdchto vlastnost\u00ed je <strong>lep\u0161ia odolnos\u0165 vo\u010di \u0161kodcom \u010di v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia produkcia plod\u00edn<\/strong>.<\/p>\n Doteraj\u0161ie v\u00fdskumy nedok\u00e1zali zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 riziko spojen\u00e9 s konzum\u00e1ciou geneticky modifikovan\u00fdch organizmov. Zdroj: unsplash.com\/@brandsandpeople\n<p>Vedcom z\u00a0\u010d\u00ednskej Donghua University sa po prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t podarilo geneticky upravi\u0165 priadku moru\u0161ov\u00fa, <strong>aby neprodukovali klasick\u00fd hodv\u00e1b, ale ten pav\u00fa\u010d\u00ed<\/strong>. Presnej\u0161ie sa zamerali na jeden relat\u00edvne mal\u00fd prote\u00edn pav\u00faka <em>Arineus ventricosus<\/em>, ktor\u00fd sa vyskytuje vo v\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zi\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Tento prote\u00edn sa MiSp a pomocou genetickej met\u00f3dy CRISPR ho naviazali na miesto v\u00a0g\u00e9ne priadky, <strong>v\u00a0ktorom je k\u00f3dovan\u00fd jej z\u00e1kladn\u00fd hodv\u00e1bny prote\u00edn<\/strong>, uv\u00e1dza port\u00e1l Veda na dosah. Vedci sa v\u0161ak ob\u00e1vali, ako by mohla t\u00e1to zmena na genetickej \u00farovni ovplyvni\u0165 \u017eivo\u010d\u00edcha.<\/p>\n<p>Rozhodli sa preto nezameni\u0165 cel\u00fd g\u00e9n, ale <strong>niektor\u00e9 sekvencie tohto g\u00e9nu nechali nezmenen\u00e9<\/strong>. T\u00fdmto krokom sa chceli uisti\u0165, \u017ee vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 mechanizmy priadky moru\u0161ovej bud\u00fa fungova\u0165 aj s\u00a0t\u00fdmto pav\u00fa\u010d\u00edm prote\u00edn, ktor\u00fd sa v\u00a0ich tele be\u017ene nevyskytuje.<\/p>\n<h3>Silnej\u0161\u00ed ako kevlar<\/h3>\n<p>Pav\u00fa\u010d\u00ed hodv\u00e1b m\u00e1 neobvykl\u00e9 vlastnosti, v\u010faka ktor\u00fdm sa neraz stal z\u00e1ujmom vedeckej fascin\u00e1cie. Port\u00e1l ScienceNews uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee jeho vl\u00e1kna maj\u00fa <em>\u201elep\u0161ie mechanick\u00e9 vlastnosti, ne\u017e ak\u00e9 dok\u00e1zal vyprodukova\u0165 ktoko\u013evek in\u00fd,\u201c<\/em> tvrd\u00ed odborn\u00edk na pav\u00fa\u010d\u00ed hodv\u00e1b z\u00a0Utah State University v\u00a0Logane. Ten sa v\u0161ak na v\u00fdskume nepodie\u013eal.<\/p>\n<p>Hodv\u00e1b, ktor\u00fd vytvorili geneticky modifikovan\u00e9 h\u00fasenice priadky, prekon\u00e1va vlastnosti materi\u00e1lov, ktor\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvame v\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnosti. Jedn\u00fdm z\u00a0pr\u00edkladov je pevnos\u0165 tohto hodv\u00e1bu, <strong>preto\u017ee je pribli\u017ene 6-kr\u00e1t pevnej\u0161\u00ed ako kevlar<\/strong>. Ide o\u00a0materi\u00e1l, ktor\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edva ako v\u00fdpl\u0148 nepriestreln\u00fdch viest, preto\u017ee je ve\u013emi pevn\u00fd a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 m\u00e1 n\u00edzku v\u00e1hu.<\/p>\n<p>Materi\u00e1l je v\u0161ak zauj\u00edmav\u00fd e\u0161te kv\u00f4li jednej vlastnosti. S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 te\u00f3rie nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee technick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly disponuj\u00fa bu\u010f pru\u017enos\u0165ou alebo pevnos\u0165ou. <strong>Kombin\u00e1cia t\u00fdchto vlastnost\u00ed sa nevyskytuje \u010dasto<\/strong>. Tento hodv\u00e1b je v\u0161ak pru\u017enej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e nylon \u010di in\u00e9 pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 tkaniv\u00e1, \u010do z neho rob\u00ed unik\u00e1tny materi\u00e1l, informuje port\u00e1l Genetic Engineering &amp; Biotechnology News.<\/p>\n V oce\u00e1noch pl\u00e1va obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estvo ryb\u00e1rskych siet\u00ed vyroben\u00fdch z pru\u017en\u00fdch plastov\u00fdch vl\u00e1kien. Tento hodv\u00e1b by to mohol zmeni\u0165. Zdroj: unsplash.com\/@bkaufhold\n<p>V\u00fdskum \u010d\u00ednskych vedcov v\u0161ak nekon\u010d\u00ed, preto\u017ee t\u00edm l\u00eddra Jungpei Mi-ho chce v\u00a0bud\u00facnosti vytvori\u0165 e\u0161te silnej\u0161ie a\u00a0pru\u017enej\u0161ie vl\u00e1kna. Dosiahnu\u0165 to chc\u00fa <strong>pridan\u00edm neprirodzen\u00fdch \u00a0aminokysel\u00edn do prote\u00ednu pav\u00fa\u010dieho hodv\u00e1bu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>Bud\u00facnos\u0165 v\u00fdskumu<\/h3>\n<p>D\u00f4vod, pre\u010do vedci museli vytvori\u0165 geneticky modifikovan\u00e9ho \u017eivo\u010d\u00edcha, aby z\u00edskali tento materi\u00e1l spo\u010d\u00edva v\u00a0chovan\u00ed t\u00fdchto pav\u00fakov. Nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 ich chova\u0165 vo ve\u013ekom po\u010dte\u00a0 a na malom priestore, <strong>preto\u017ee maj\u00fa kanibalistick\u00fa povahu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u010eal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdskum takto upraven\u00fdch priadok moru\u0161ov\u00fdch by mohol v\u00a0bud\u00facnosti vytvori\u0165 farmy, ktor\u00e9 by produkovali tento super materi\u00e1l. Dovtedy je v\u0161ak nutn\u00e9 potvrdi\u0165, \u017ee t\u00e1to <strong>vy\u017eiadan\u00e1 a\u00a0prospe\u0161n\u00e1 modifik\u00e1cia sa prenesie aj na \u010fal\u0161ie gener\u00e1cie<\/strong>, p\u00ed\u0161e port\u00e1l NewAtlas.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u201ePav\u00fa\u010d\u00ed hodv\u00e1b je strategick\u00fdm zdrojom, ktor\u00fd treba naliehavo presk\u00fama\u0165,\u201c<\/em> tvrd\u00ed ved\u00faci v\u00fdskumn\u00edk Jungpei Mi. \u010ealej dodal: <em>\u201eTento typ vl\u00e1kien sa m\u00f4\u017ee pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 ako chirurgick\u00fd steh, \u010d\u00edm sa rie\u0161i celosvetov\u00fd dopyt presahuj\u00faci 300 mili\u00f3nov z\u00e1krokov ro\u010dne.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Tento sp\u00f4sob z\u00edskavania materi\u00e1lu, ktor\u00fd n\u00e1jde svoje vyu\u017eitie v\u00a0zdravotn\u00edctve, m\u00e1 pred sebou e\u0161te dlh\u00fa cestu. V\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnosti v\u0161ak m\u00e1me nieko\u013eko modern\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 <strong>pom\u00e1haj\u00fa s\u00a0diagn\u00f3zou \u010di lie\u010dbou<\/strong>, o\u00a0\u010dom sme v\u00e1s informovali v\u00a0na\u0161om predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facom \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V\u00fdskum a\u00a0v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdm aspektom technologick\u00e9ho pokroku a\u00a0vedeck\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumu. Neust\u00e1le objavovanie nov\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov m\u00e1 \u0161irok\u00fd dosah, pri\u010dom ovplyv\u0148uje r\u00f4zne odvetvia, ak\u00fdmi s\u00fa elektronika,<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8511","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8511","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8511"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8511\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8511"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8511"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8511"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}