{"id":8699,"date":"2024-02-23T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-02-22T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/nova-studia-fajcenie-tabaku-moze-dlhodobo-vplyvat-na-nas-imunitny-system\/"},"modified":"2024-02-23T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2024-02-22T23:00:00","slug":"nova-studia-fajcenie-tabaku-moze-dlhodobo-vplyvat-na-nas-imunitny-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/nova-studia-fajcenie-tabaku-moze-dlhodobo-vplyvat-na-nas-imunitny-system\/","title":{"rendered":"Nov\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia: Faj\u010denie tabaku m\u00f4\u017ee dlhodobo vpl\u00fdva\u0165 na n\u00e1\u0161 imunitn\u00fd syst\u00e9m"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hist\u00f3ria faj\u010denia tabaku siaha a\u017e \u010faleko pred n\u00e1\u0161 letopo\u010det. Tabak tak, ako ho pozn\u00e1me dnes sa objavil na Americkom kontinente a do Eur\u00f3py sa dostal a\u017e po tom, ako Kri\u0161tof Kolumbus objavil v roku 1492 tento nov\u00fd a nepoznan\u00fd kontinent.<\/p>\n

Pod\u013ea port\u00e1lu Mypaipo.eu pozoroval Kolumbus p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch obyvate\u013eov, ako faj\u010dia tabak. Mali ho vo\u013ene zabalen\u00fd do tabakov\u00fdch listov alebo faj\u010dili pomocou trubi\u010diek<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 naz\u00fdvali \u201etobago<\/em>\u201c. Po n\u00e1vrate pos\u00e1dky sp\u00e4\u0165 do tzv. Star\u00e9ho sveta sa za\u010dal tabak pestova\u0165 na \u00fazem\u00ed \u0160panielska, odkia\u013e sa nesk\u00f4r roz\u0161\u00edril do celej Eur\u00f3py<\/strong>. Faj\u010denie sa najsk\u00f4r, paradoxne, vyu\u017e\u00edvalo na lie\u010debn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely<\/strong>. Postupne sa st\u00e1valo \u010doraz popul\u00e1rnej\u0161ie a\u00a0roz\u0161\u00edrilo sa do cel\u00e9ho sveta. Na popularite naberalo a\u017e do 70. rokov 20. storo\u010dia, no v\u00a0tomto obdob\u00ed sa u\u017e za\u010dali objavova\u0165 aj prv\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie, ktor\u00e9 poukazovali na \u0161kodlivos\u0165 tabaku<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Dnes u\u017e vieme, \u017ee faj\u010denie tabaku v\u00fdrazne \u0161kod\u00ed n\u00e1\u0161mu zdraviu<\/strong>. To, \u017ee faj\u010denie sp\u00f4sobuje rakovinu p\u013e\u00fac, \u00fastnej dutiny \u010di pa\u017eer\u00e1ka, choroby d\u00fdchac\u00edch ciest, srdcov\u00fd infarkt alebo m\u0155tvicu<\/strong>, u\u017e ve\u013emi dobre vieme a\u00a0odborn\u00edci n\u00e1s na jeho rizik\u00e1 upozor\u0148uj\u00fa neust\u00e1le. Cigarety a\u00a0ich \u00fa\u010dinok na na\u0161e telo sa v\u0161ak st\u00e1le neprest\u00e1vaj\u00fa sk\u00fama\u0165. Hovor\u00ed o\u00a0tom aj nov\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia v\u00a0\u010dasopise Nature, ktor\u00e1 zistila, \u017ee faj\u010denie tabaku je pre telo tak\u00e9 \u0161kodliv\u00e9, \u017ee men\u00ed n\u00e1\u0161 imunitn\u00fd syst\u00e9m. <\/strong>Ten je potom zranite\u013en\u00fd vo\u010di \u010fal\u0161\u00edm chorob\u00e1m a infekci\u00e1m aj nieko\u013eko rokov po tom, ako sme s faj\u010den\u00edm skoncovali.<\/p>\n

Po\u010det faj\u010diarov kles\u00e1<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Pod\u013ea port\u00e1lu CNN po\u010det faj\u010diarov od 60. rokov 20. storo\u010dia kles\u00e1<\/strong>. Aj napriek tomu, je faj\u010denie jednou z\u00a0hlav\u00fdch pr\u00ed\u010din \u00famrt\u00ed v\u00a0USA. Ka\u017edoro\u010dne tam zomrie za n\u00e1sledok u\u017e\u00edvania tabakov\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkov viac ako 480 tis\u00edc \u013eud\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Pod\u013ea port\u00e1lu Bystricoviny.sk m\u00e1 faj\u010denie dlhodobo klesaj\u00faci trend aj u n\u00e1s<\/strong>.
\nPred desiatimi rokmi bola miera faj\u010denia na Slovensku pribli\u017ene 40 percent<\/strong>, zatia\u013e \u010do v roku 2019 klesla na 18,5 percenta<\/strong>. \u00dabytok faj\u010denia je pravdepodobne spojen\u00fd predov\u0161etk\u00fdm so zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdm povedom\u00edm o \u0161kodliv\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dinkoch faj\u010denia. Zni\u017eovaniu percenta faj\u010diarov tie\u017e pomohlo zavedenie pr\u00edsnej\u0161\u00edch vn\u00fatro\u0161t\u00e1tnych predpisov t\u00fdkaj\u00facich sa kontroly tabaku. No aj napriek tomu, pod\u013ea port\u00e1lu SME.sk na Slovensku ro\u010dne zomrie na n\u00e1sledky faj\u010denia a\u017e 11 tis\u00edc \u013eud\u00ed<\/strong>. Na celom svete s\u00fa to pribli\u017ene 4 mili\u00f3ny \u013eud\u00ed<\/strong>. Na Slovensku m\u00e1me probl\u00e9my aj s faj\u010den\u00edm u mladistv\u00fdch. Do kontaktu s cigaretami sa dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou u\u017e v obdob\u00ed ranej puberty.<\/p>\n Hrozbou pre mladistv\u00fdch s\u00fa najm\u00e4 elektronick\u00e9 cigarety. Zvy\u0161uj\u00fa riziko vzniku z\u00e1vislosti. ZDROJ: Pexels.com\n

\u010co odhalil v\u00fdskum?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

V\u00fdskum uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee faj\u010denie zni\u017euje schopnos\u0165 n\u00e1\u0161ho organizmu bojova\u0165 proti infekcii okam\u017eite a\u00a0dlhodobo<\/strong>. M\u00f4\u017ee n\u00e1s tie\u017e vystatova\u0165 riziku vzniku chronick\u00fdch z\u00e1palov\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed, ako je napr\u00edklad reumatoidn\u00e1 artrit\u00edda ( bolestiv\u00e9, z\u00e1palov\u00e9 ochorenie k\u013abov, ktor\u00e9 sp\u00f4sobuje ich deform\u00e1ciu) a\u00a0lupus (autoimunitn\u00e9 ochorenie).<\/p>\n

Autori \u0161t\u00fadie, pochopite\u013ene, odpor\u00fa\u010daj\u00fa okam\u017eite skoncova\u0165 s faj\u010den\u00edm. Ich k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdm posolstvom je, aby najm\u00e4 mlad\u00ed \u013eudia s t\u00fdmto z\u00e1kern\u00fdm zlozvykom ani neza\u010d\u00ednali.<\/p>\n

Okrem in\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00fadia zistila aj to, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm dlh\u0161ie faj\u010d\u00edme, t\u00fdm viac to ovplyv\u0148uje n\u00e1\u0161 imunitn\u00fd syst\u00e9m a\u00a0jeho reakciu na v\u00edrusy a\u00a0bakt\u00e9rie. Dobrou spr\u00e1vou je, \u017ee pokia\u013e niekto faj\u010di\u0165 prestane, imunita sa postupne dost\u00e1va do star\u00fdch ko\u013eaj\u00ed<\/strong>. Hor\u0161ou spr\u00e1vou je, \u017ee faj\u010denie m\u00e1 zrejme dlhodob\u00e9 epigenetick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky na dve hlavn\u00e9 formy ochrany imunitn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu<\/strong>: vroden\u00fa reakciu a adapt\u00edvnu reakciu<\/strong>. Vplyv na vroden\u00fa reakciu r\u00fdchlo zmizne, vtedy ke\u010f faj\u010di\u0165 prestaneme, no vplyv na adapt\u00edvnu reakciu pretrv\u00e1va aj po skon\u010den\u00ed faj\u010denia.<\/p>\n

Vroden\u00e1 imunitn\u00e1 reakcia<\/strong> je hlavn\u00fd sp\u00f4sob, ak\u00fdm ko\u017ea, sliznice, bunky a prote\u00edny imunitn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu bojuj\u00fa proti choroboplodn\u00fdm z\u00e1rodkom<\/strong>. Ale ke\u010f telo zist\u00ed, \u017ee vroden\u00e1 reakcia nie je dostato\u010dne \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1, nastupuje adapt\u00edvny imunitn\u00fd syst\u00e9m<\/strong>. Tvoria ho protil\u00e1tky v krvi a in\u00fdch telesn\u00fdch tekutin\u00e1ch, B a T lymfocyty, ktor\u00e9 si dok\u00e1\u017eu hrozbu \u201ezapam\u00e4ta\u0165\u201c a lep\u0161ie sa zamera\u0165 na hrozby, ktor\u00e9 u\u017e predt\u00fdm videli a\u00a0jednoduch\u0161ie s nimi bojova\u0165. Podobne funguje napr\u00edklad aj o\u010dkovanie. Do tela sa dostan\u00fa l\u00e1tky ochorenia v\u00a0malom mno\u017estve, ktor\u00e9 si telo zapam\u00e4t\u00e1 a\u00a0dok\u00e1\u017ee proti nim \u00fa\u010dinnej\u0161ie bojova\u0165.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0r\u00e1mci tohto v\u00fdskumu sa zistilo, \u017ee faj\u010denie m\u00e1 kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fd, ale aj dlhodob\u00fd vplyv na adapt\u00edvnu imunitu<\/strong>. T\u00e1 je spojen\u00e1 s\u00a0u\u017e spom\u00ednan\u00fdmi B a T bunkami a s epigenetick\u00fdmi zmenami.<\/p>\n

Ako bol v\u00fdskum uskuto\u010dnen\u00fd?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Do v\u00fdskumu sa zapojilo tis\u00edc zdrav\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed vo veku od 20 do 69 rokov<\/strong>. Skupinu rovnomerne rozdelili na mu\u017eov a \u017eeny.<\/p>\n

Vedci chceli zisti\u0165, ako 136 faktorov vr\u00e1tane \u017eivotn\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00fdlu, soci\u00e1lno-ekonomick\u00fdch ot\u00e1zok a stravovac\u00edch n\u00e1vykov (okrem veku, pohlavia a\u00a0genetiky) ovplyv\u0148uje imunitn\u00fa odolnos\u0165. Vzorky krvi vystavili be\u017en\u00fdm bacilom, ako je napr\u00edklad bakt\u00e9ria Escherichia coli a v\u00edrus chr\u00edpky, a\u00a0sledovali ako bude imunita organizmu reagova\u0165<\/strong>. Dospeli k\u00a0z\u00e1veru, \u017ee najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed vplyv malo faj\u010denie<\/strong>. Malo takmer rovnak\u00fd vplyv na reakciu imunity, ako in\u00e9 d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 faktory, ktor\u00fdmi s\u00fa napr\u00edklad vek alebo pohlavie.<\/p>\n

"Ke\u010f faj\u010diari po\u010das \u0161t\u00fadie prestali faj\u010di\u0165, ich imunitn\u00e1 odpove\u010f sa na jednej \u00farovni zlep\u0161ila, no \u00faplne sa neobnovila ani o nieko\u013eko rokov,<\/em>\u201c tvrd\u00ed spoluautor \u0161t\u00fadie Dr. Darragh Duffy, ktor\u00fd vedie oddelenie transla\u010dnej imunol\u00f3gie v Institut Pasteur.<\/p>\n

D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je v\u0161ak poznamena\u0165, \u017ee sa v\u00fdskum uskuto\u010d\u0148oval najm\u00e4 v\u00a0laborat\u00f3rnych podmienkach<\/strong>, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee imunitn\u00fd syst\u00e9m v\u00a0re\u00e1lnom \u017eivote by mohol reagova\u0165 \u00faplne inak<\/strong>. \u010eal\u0161\u00edm obmedzen\u00edm tohto v\u00fdskumu s\u00fa aj jeho \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci, ktor\u00ed boli v\u0161etci franc\u00fazskej n\u00e1rodnosti a\u00a0nemali vysok\u00fa telesn\u00fa hmotnos\u0165. Aj tieto faktory m\u00f4\u017eu ovplyv\u0148ova\u0165 v\u00fdsledky \u0161t\u00fadie. V\u00fdsledky s\u00fa v\u0161ak pre bud\u00facnos\u0165 d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, preto\u017ee hovoria to, \u010do si odborn\u00edci dlho mysleli a\u00a0postupne dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa aj odpovede na ot\u00e1zky, pre\u010do sa to tak deje.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hist\u00f3ria faj\u010denia tabaku siaha a\u017e \u010faleko pred n\u00e1\u0161 letopo\u010det. Tabak tak, ako ho pozn\u00e1me dnes sa objavil na Americkom kontinente a do Eur\u00f3py sa dostal<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8699","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8699","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8699"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8699\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8699"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8699"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8699"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}