{"id":8734,"date":"2024-03-21T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-03-20T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/prelomove-lieky-v-historii-ludstva\/"},"modified":"2024-03-21T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2024-03-20T23:00:00","slug":"prelomove-lieky-v-historii-ludstva","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/prelomove-lieky-v-historii-ludstva\/","title":{"rendered":"Prelomov\u00e9 lieky v hist\u00f3rii \u013eudstva"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u013dudia po tis\u00edcro\u010dia hltali elix\u00edry, vdychovali v\u00fdpary a aplikovali masti<\/strong> v mene lep\u0161ieho zdravia a lie\u010dby.<\/p>\n

No len o malom po\u010dte l\u00e1tok mo\u017eno poveda\u0165, \u017ee sp\u00f4sobili z\u00e1sadn\u00fa revol\u00faciu v medic\u00edne. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Tu je nieko\u013eko z nich, ktor\u00e9 zmenili smerovanie medic\u00edny<\/strong> a dodnes zachra\u0148uj\u00fa mili\u00f3ny \u017eivotov.<\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

Penicil\u00edn<\/h3>\n

Penicil\u00edn ohlasoval \u00fasvit antibiotick\u00e9ho veku. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Pred jeho zaveden\u00edm neexistovala \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 lie\u010dba infekci\u00ed ako z\u00e1pal p\u013e\u00fac, kvapavka<\/strong> alebo reumatick\u00e1 hor\u00fa\u010dka.<\/p>\n

Nemocnice boli pln\u00e9 \u013eud\u00ed s otravou krvi,<\/strong> ktor\u00e1 sa nakazila reznou ranou alebo \u0161krabancom, a lek\u00e1ri pre nich mohli urobi\u0165 len m\u00e1lo.<\/p>\n

Antibiotik\u00e1 s\u00fa zl\u00fa\u010deniny produkovan\u00e9 bakt\u00e9riami a hubami, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa schopn\u00e9 zab\u00edja\u0165 alebo inhibova\u0165 konkuren\u010dn\u00e9 mikrobi\u00e1lne druhy.<\/p>\n

Tento jav je u\u017e dlho zn\u00e1my – m\u00f4\u017ee to vysvet\u013eova\u0165, pre\u010do star\u00ed Egyp\u0165ania pou\u017e\u00edvali obklad z plesniv\u00e9ho chleba na infikovan\u00e9 rany.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aj mnoho in\u00fdch starovek\u00fdch kult\u00far, vr\u00e1tane t\u00fdch v Austr\u00e1lii, \u010c\u00edne, Gr\u00e9cku a Indii,<\/strong> nez\u00e1visle objavilo u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9 vlastnosti h\u00fab a rastl\u00edn pri lie\u010dbe infekci\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Tieto lie\u010dby \u010dasto fungovali, preto\u017ee mnoh\u00e9 organizmy, vr\u00e1tane mnoh\u00fdch druhov plesn\u00ed, prirodzene produkuj\u00fa antibiotik\u00e1.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ale a\u017e v roku 1928 objavil Alexander Fleming, profesor bakteriol\u00f3gie v nemocnici St. Mary’s Hospital v Lond\u00fdne, penicil\u00edn, prv\u00e9 skuto\u010dn\u00e9 antibiotikum.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n Plesne nad zlato. Zdroj: shutterstock.com\n

 <\/p>\n

AZT<\/h3>\n

Schv\u00e1lenie zidovud\u00ednu (v\u0161eobecnej\u0161ie zn\u00e1meho ako AZT) v roku 1987, znamenalo prelom v lie\u010dbe HIV\/AIDS. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Hoci tento liek nedok\u00e1zal vylie\u010di\u0165 chorobu, zistilo sa, \u017ee predl\u017euje \u017eivoty pacientov s AIDS. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Bol to tie\u017e prv\u00fd z takzvan\u00fdch nukleozidov\u00fdch inhib\u00edtorov reverznej transkript\u00e1zy, skupiny antiretrov\u00edrusov\u00fdch liekov, ktor\u00e9 sa stali z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm kame\u0148om lie\u010dby HIV\/AIDS.<\/p>\n

V\u010faka t\u00fdmto liekom sa ro\u010dn\u00fd po\u010det \u00famrt\u00ed na AIDS na za\u010diatku 21. storo\u010dia zn\u00ed\u017eil.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Diazepam<\/h3>\n

Diazepam, prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t uveden\u00fd na trh ako Valium,<\/strong> je liek zo skupiny benzodiazep\u00ednov, ktor\u00fd p\u00f4sob\u00ed ako anxiolytikum.<\/p>\n

Be\u017ene sa pou\u017e\u00edva na lie\u010dbu r\u00f4znych stavov vr\u00e1tane \u00fazkosti, z\u00e1chvatov, abstinen\u010dn\u00e9ho syndr\u00f3mu od alkoholu, svalov\u00fdch k\u0155\u010dov, nespavosti a syndr\u00f3mu nepokojn\u00fdch n\u00f4h.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zavedenie trankviliz\u00e9ra chl\u00f3rpromaz\u00ednu v 50. rokoch minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia predstavovalo prelomov\u00fd bod v psychiatrii, ktor\u00fd viedol k \u201epsychofarmakologickej revol\u00facii\u201c.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Diazepam bol patentovan\u00fd v roku 1959 Hoffmann-La Roche.<\/p>\n

Od svojho uvedenia na trh v roku 1963 je to jeden z naj\u010dastej\u0161ie predpisovan\u00fdch liekov na svete.<\/strong><\/p>\n

V skuto\u010dnosti bol chl\u00f3rpromaz\u00edn nielen \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd \u2013 do roku 1964 ho u\u017eilo asi 50 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed \u2013, ale jeho v\u00fdvoj polo\u017eil aj z\u00e1klady pre neskor\u0161iu gener\u00e1ciu l\u00e1tok pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch pri lie\u010dbe \u00fazkosti a depresie.<\/p>\n

Okrem toho, charakteriz\u00e1cia jeho \u00fa\u010dinkov na neurotransmitery a ich receptory poskytla preh\u013ead o tom, ako sa impulzy\u00a0v mozgu, pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa z jedn\u00e9ho neur\u00f3nu na druh\u00fd, \u010do vedie k ve\u013ek\u00e9mu pokroku v ch\u00e1pan\u00ed du\u0161evn\u00fdch chor\u00f4b \u00a0vedcami.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n Diazepam zachr\u00e1nil mno\u017estvo osudov, aj rod\u00edn. Zdroj: history.com\n

 <\/p>\n

Aspir\u00edn<\/h3>\n

Aspir\u00edn je v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti celosvetovo jeden z najpou\u017e\u00edvanej\u0161\u00edch liekov a bol jednozna\u010dne jedn\u00fdm z najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch farmakologick\u00fdch \u00faspechov dvadsiateho storo\u010dia. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Hist\u00f3ria aspir\u00ednu v skuto\u010dnosti siaha viac ako 4000 rokov do minulosti, ke\u010f v\u0155bov\u00fa k\u00f4ru pou\u017e\u00edvali ako liek proti bolesti a antipyretikum.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Existuj\u00fa hlinen\u00e9 tabu\u013eky od As\u00fdr\u010danov zo sumersk\u00e9ho obdobia<\/strong> (asi pred 4000 rokmi), v ktor\u00fdch sa v\u0155bov\u00e9 listy odpor\u00fa\u010daj\u00fa pri reumatick\u00fdch ochoreniach, Egyp\u0165ania opisuj\u00fa pou\u017eitie v\u0155bov\u00fdch listov alebo myrty pri bolestiach alebo z\u00e1paloch k\u013abov, a Hippokrates odporu\u010dil extrakt z v\u0155bovej k\u00f4ry pri hor\u00fa\u010dke, bolesti a p\u00f4rode. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Starovek\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednske, r\u00edmske a indi\u00e1nske civiliz\u00e1cie u\u017e dlho uzn\u00e1vali v\u00fdhody rastl\u00edn obsahuj\u00facich kyselinu salicylov\u00fa pre ich lie\u010div\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky.<\/p>\n

Nesk\u00f4r, v roku 1899, Farbenfabriken vormals Friedrich Bayer & Co. predstavila aspir\u00edn,<\/strong> liek proti bolesti, ktor\u00fd sa dostal medzi najbe\u017enej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 lieky na svete.<\/p>\n

Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 pripisuje synt\u00e9zu \u010distej kyseliny acetylsalicylovej, akt\u00edvnej zlo\u017eky aspir\u00ednu, chemikovi z Bayeru Felixovi Hoffmannovi.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u013dudia po tis\u00edcro\u010dia hltali elix\u00edry, vdychovali v\u00fdpary a aplikovali masti v mene lep\u0161ieho zdravia a lie\u010dby. No len o malom po\u010dte l\u00e1tok mo\u017eno poveda\u0165, \u017ee<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8734","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8734","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8734"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8734\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8734"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8734"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8734"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}