{"id":8828,"date":"2024-07-27T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-07-26T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/uncategorized\/vazenia-v-historickom-zrkadle-fascinujuce-pribehy-miest-trestu-a-ocisty\/"},"modified":"2024-07-27T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2024-07-26T23:00:00","slug":"vazenia-v-historickom-zrkadle-fascinujuce-pribehy-miest-trestu-a-ocisty","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/archiv\/vazenia-v-historickom-zrkadle-fascinujuce-pribehy-miest-trestu-a-ocisty\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00e4zenia v historickom zrkadle: fascinuj\u00face pr\u00edbehy miest trestu a o\u010disty"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>V\u00e4znice od nepam\u00e4ti zohr\u00e1vali k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu v syst\u00e9moch spravodlivosti<\/strong> po celom svete, odr\u00e1\u017eaj\u00fac spolo\u010densk\u00e9 a politick\u00e9 podmienky svojej doby.<\/p>\n<p>Niektor\u00e9 z t\u00fdchto zariaden\u00ed sa stali <strong>symbolmi tyranie, represie a \u013eudsk\u00e9ho utrpenia,<\/strong> zatia\u013e \u010do in\u00e9 predstavuj\u00fa v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zmeny v pr\u00edstupe k trestaniu a pr\u00e1vnemu syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n<p>Tu je v\u00fdber nieko\u013ek\u00fdch <strong>zauj\u00edmav\u00fdch a smerodajn\u00fdch v\u00e4zn\u00edc<\/strong> naprie\u010d dejinami \u013eudstva.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>#1. <strong>Eshnunna, Babylon (okolo 1900 pred n. l.)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Jedno z prv\u00fdch zn\u00e1mych v\u00e4zen\u00ed<\/strong> sa nach\u00e1dzalo v starovekom meste Eshnunna, ktor\u00e9 sa<strong> nach\u00e1dza na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00e9ho Iraku. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V tomto obdob\u00ed sa pou\u017e\u00edvali miestnosti a mal\u00e9 budovy ako v\u00e4zenia, ktor\u00e9 sl\u00fa\u017eili na zadr\u017eiavanie p\u00e1chate\u013eov pred vykonan\u00edm trestu.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e4zni museli \u010deli\u0165<strong> nehostinn\u00e9mu prostrediu, nedostatku jedla a z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch hygienick\u00fdch potrieb.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Vo v\u00e4zen\u00ed Eshunna boli zadr\u017eiavan\u00ed r\u00f4zni zlo\u010dinci, od drobn\u00fdch zlodejov a\u017e po politick\u00fdch v\u00e4z\u0148ov a nepriate\u013eov \u0161t\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n<p>Babylonsk\u00fd pr\u00e1vny syst\u00e9m bol zalo\u017een\u00fd na princ\u00edpe <strong>\u201eoko za oko, zub za zub\u201c, \u010do znamenalo, \u017ee tresty boli \u010dasto pr\u00edsne a nemilosrdn\u00e9. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V\u00e4zni tu \u010dakali na <strong>vykonanie trestu, ktor\u00fd mohol zah\u0155\u0148a\u0165 popravu, telesn\u00e9 tresty alebo n\u00faten\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>#2. <strong>Mamertine Prison, R\u00edm (7. storo\u010die pred n. l.)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Mamertine v\u00e4zenie, nach\u00e1dzaj\u00face sa v R\u00edme, je <strong>jednou z najstar\u0161\u00edch v\u00e4zn\u00edc na svete. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Toto v\u00e4zenie bolo<strong> p\u00f4vodne cisternou a jeho temn\u00e9, vlhk\u00e9 podzemn\u00e9 miestnosti<\/strong> sl\u00fa\u017eili na zadr\u017eiavanie prominentn\u00fdch v\u00e4z\u0148ov.<\/p>\n<p><strong>V\u00e4zenie bolo zn\u00e1me svojimi nehostinn\u00fdmi podmienkami<\/strong> a \u010dasto sa pou\u017e\u00edvalo na zadr\u017eiavanie nepriate\u013eov \u0161t\u00e1tu pred ich verejn\u00fdm popraven\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n The Tower of London. Zdroj: ansichtskartenversand.com\n<h3>#3. <strong>The Tower of London, Anglicko (1078-x)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Hoci je The Tower of London dnes zn\u00e1ma ako turistick\u00e1 atrakcia, v minulosti sl\u00fa\u017eila ako<strong> jedna z najzlovestnej\u0161\u00edch v\u00e4zn\u00edc v Anglicku. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Postaven\u00e1 Williamom Dobyvate\u013eom, ve\u017ea sl\u00fa\u017eila ako v\u00e4zenie pre<strong> \u0161\u013eachtu, politick\u00fdch v\u00e4z\u0148ov a dokonca aj kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e9 rodiny. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V\u00e4zenie bolo zn\u00e1me svojimi<strong> krut\u00fdmi podmienkami a \u010dast\u00fdmi popravami.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>#4. <strong>Pitesti Prison, Rumunsko (1949-1952)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Pitesti v\u00e4zenie v Rumunsku je <strong>zn\u00e1me pre svoj kontroverzn\u00fd experiment<\/strong> &#8222;Pitesti Experiment&#8220;, ktor\u00fd prebiehal v rokoch 1949 a\u017e 1952.<\/p>\n<p>Tento experiment bol navrhnut\u00fd na zlomenie psychiky v\u00e4z\u0148ov cez brut\u00e1lne fyzick\u00e9 a psychologick\u00e9 mu\u010denie.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cie\u013eom bolo zmeni\u0165 v\u00e4z\u0148ov na komunistov<\/strong>, no namiesto toho experiment vytvoril nesmierne utrpenie a trag\u00e9die.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n Katorga. Zdroj: wikipedia.sk\n<h3>#5. <strong>Katorga, Rusko (17. a\u017e za\u010diatok 20. storo\u010dia)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Katorga bola syst\u00e9m pracovn\u00fdch t\u00e1borov<\/strong> v imperi\u00e1lnom Rusku a nesk\u00f4r v Sovietskom zv\u00e4ze.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e4zni, \u010dasto politick\u00ed odporcovia alebo zlo\u010dinci, boli posielan\u00ed do od\u013eahl\u00fdch oblast\u00ed Sib\u00edri, kde pracovali v extr\u00e9mne tvrd\u00fdch podmienkach.<\/p>\n<p>Katorga sa stala synonymom pre krut\u00e9 zaobch\u00e1dzanie a ne\u013eudsk\u00e9 podmienky, pri\u010dom v\u00e4zni \u010dasto \u010delili hladovaniu, chorob\u00e1m a smrti.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>#6. Bastille, Franc\u00fazsko (1370-1789)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Bastille, pevnos\u0165 v Par\u00ed\u017ei, bola <strong>symbolom kr\u00e1\u013eovskej tyranie pred Franc\u00fazskou revol\u00faciou. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>P\u00f4vodne postaven\u00e1 na obranu mesta, sa nesk\u00f4r stala <strong>v\u00e4znicou pre politick\u00fdch v\u00e4z\u0148ov, intelektu\u00e1lov a disidentov. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>P\u00e1d Bastilly 14. j\u00fala 1789 sa stal symbolom za\u010diatku revol\u00facie<\/strong> a franc\u00fazskeho boja za slobodu.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n Devil&#8217;s Island. Zdroj: businessinsider.com\n<h3><strong>#7. Devils Island, Franc\u00fazska Guiana (1852-1953)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Devils Island bola <strong>trestaneck\u00e1 kol\u00f3nia Franc\u00fazska<\/strong> od 19. do 20. storo\u010dia.<\/p>\n<p>Ostrov bol zn\u00e1my svojou <strong>extr\u00e9mnou izol\u00e1ciou a tvrd\u00fdmi podmienkami, pri\u010dom mnoh\u00ed v\u00e4zni tam umierali na choroby<\/strong> alebo pri pokusoch o \u00fatek.<\/p>\n<p>Alfred Dreyfus,<strong> franc\u00fazsky d\u00f4stojn\u00edk nespravodlivo obvinen\u00fd zo \u0161pion\u00e1\u017ee<\/strong>, bol jedn\u00fdm z najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edch v\u00e4z\u0148ov.<\/p>\n<p>Dnes s\u00fa <strong>v\u00fdlety na ostrovy dostupn\u00e9 lo\u010fou<\/strong>, hoci samotn\u00fd \u00cele du Diable zost\u00e1va pre verejnos\u0165 uzavret\u00fd (ale vidite\u013en\u00fd z lod\u00ed).<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e4zensk\u00e9 budovy na ostatn\u00fdch ostrovoch boli premenen\u00e9 na <strong>m\u00faze\u00e1 a ka\u017edoro\u010dne pri\u0165ahuj\u00fa tis\u00edce turistov.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>#8. Hoa Lo Prison, Vietnam (1896-1975)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>V\u00e4znica H\u1ecfa L\u00f2, <strong>v preklade \u201eohniv\u00e1 pec\u201c,<\/strong> bola postaven\u00e1 v rokoch 1886 a\u017e 1901 v centre Hanoja Franc\u00fazmi a bola <strong>miestom nepochopite\u013enej brutality. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V\u00e4zni boli <strong>sp\u00fatan\u00ed za jednu nohu, nemohli chodi\u0165 a dokonca ani vsta\u0165. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Mnoh\u00ed boli dr\u017ean\u00ed v mal\u00fdch, vlhk\u00fdch, tmav\u00fdch a \u0161pinav\u00fdch cel\u00e1ch, a boli vystaven\u00ed <strong>fyzick\u00e9mu a du\u0161evn\u00e9mu zneu\u017e\u00edvaniu vr\u00e1tane mu\u010denia a boli zbavovan\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch \u013eudsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Po\u010das vojny vo Vietname, sa v\u00e4znica prez\u00fdvala <strong>\u201eHanoi Hilton\u201c a od augusta 1964 do roku 1973 tu bolo dr\u017ean\u00fdch pribli\u017ene 600 americk\u00fdch vojnov\u00fdch zajatcov<\/strong>, vr\u00e1tane bud\u00faceho republik\u00e1nskeho kandid\u00e1ta na prezidenta Johna McCaina.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Okrem malej ju\u017enej \u010dasti bola v\u00e4znica zb\u00faran\u00e1 v polovici 90. rokov<\/strong> a dnes sa m\u00fazeum zameriava predov\u0161etk\u00fdm na franc\u00fazsku koloni\u00e1lnu \u00e9ru v\u00e4znice.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>#9. Robben Island, Juhoafrick\u00e1 republika (1961-1991)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Robben Island je zn\u00e1my predov\u0161etk\u00fdm t\u00fdm, \u017ee tam bol <strong>18 rokov v\u00e4znen\u00fd Nelson Mandela po\u010das apartheidu. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V\u00e4zenie sl\u00fa\u017eilo na <strong>zadr\u017eiavanie politick\u00fdch v\u00e4z\u0148ov<\/strong> a bolo symbolom represie apartheidu.<\/p>\n<p>Po p\u00e1de apartheidu sa <strong>ostrov stal m\u00fazeom a pam\u00e4tn\u00edkom boja za slobodu.<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V\u00e4znice od nepam\u00e4ti zohr\u00e1vali k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu v syst\u00e9moch spravodlivosti po celom svete, odr\u00e1\u017eaj\u00fac spolo\u010densk\u00e9 a politick\u00e9 podmienky svojej doby. Niektor\u00e9 z t\u00fdchto zariaden\u00ed sa stali<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8828","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archiv","two-columns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8828","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8828"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8828\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8828"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8828"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/instrid.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8828"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}